情色空间

The call began like so many others she鈥檇 taken. It was October 2018, and Leila Amineddoleh had just picked up the phone in her Manhattan law firm. The caller, a woman named Laura Young, from Austin, Texas, told her that she had a case for her, something that would be well worth her time.

As one of the world鈥檚 foremost attorneys specializing in the shadowy world of looted artwork, Amineddoleh LAW 鈥�06 was used to these kinds of calls. She got them all the time, and experience had taught her that skepticism was the best approach. When she鈥檇 first started out and was hungry for work to keep her fledgling practice afloat, Amineddoleh couldn鈥檛 afford the luxury of such caution. She chased down every lead. Once, she鈥檇 eagerly investigated a client鈥檚 claims involving her personal art collection, only to discover that the woman suffered from mental illness and that the collection was made up of museum posters. Then there was the call from someone who suspected that he was the illegitimate grandson of Vincent van Gogh鈥攈is grandmother, he maintained, had been a lover of the legendary painter.

Today, though, Amineddoleh can afford to be selective. She鈥檚 an internationally recognized authority on art law and cultural heritage, writes for leading publications, teaches classes at respected universities, and has won big cases for clients such as the governments of Greece and Italy. 鈥淚鈥檝e reached a point in my career where I don鈥檛 really get carried away,鈥� Amineddoleh said. 鈥淯nless someone can give me real evidence, really, really good proof that what they have is real and they鈥檙e not giving me some type of scam story, I鈥檓 just not going to be interested.鈥� Still, Amineddoleh agreed on this day to hear Young out, primarily because she鈥檇 been referred by a professional acquaintance.

Young explained over the phone that she ran a business out of her home, buying undervalued items from thrift stores and reselling them online. A history major and art lover, Young said that she鈥檇 had success in the past identifying overlooked artworks, so when she spotted a banged-up marble bust listed for $34.99 in an Austin Goodwill, she sensed right away that it could be something special. Despite its rough shape, the bust struck her as similar in style to what was common during the days of the Roman Empire. So she bought it and hauled it home. Her research had since turned up evidence that the bust did, in fact, date back to ancient Rome. What concerned her, however, was something else from her sleuthing: that the piece might have been plundered during World War II and somehow brought to America. If that was the case, what did the law have to say about her rights to the bust?

Laura Young spent six years working as a disability examiner for the Social Security Administration, a job she really did not enjoy, before transitioning full time in 2013 to her business of unearthing thrift-store treasures that she resells online. 鈥淚 get to shop for a living and find really cool, weird things that make people happy,鈥� she said.

Young, then, is no stranger to the thrill of rescuing an ordinary item from the shelves of a corner vintage shop, cleaning it up, and discovering that it鈥檚 actually quite valuable. There were, for instance, the Chinese porcelain planters she鈥檇 bought before the start of the pandemic and posted online for $1,750鈥�a price that ignited a bidding frenzy. 鈥淭here was some pandemonium on eBay,鈥� she said. 鈥淧eople were trying to buy them for more and more money. I鈥檓 like, What do I have here? It got me so nervous that I just pulled them off the site.鈥� She held onto the planters until last fall, when she at last let them go for $20,000. 鈥淭hey were just sitting there in the dining room for, you know, four years,鈥� she said.

By the time Young came upon the marble bust in her neighborhood Goodwill back in 2018, she had learned to trust her instincts. The man depicted in the bust had the impassive countenance and wavy, Greco-Roman hairstyle that she judged to be representative of works from ancient Rome. It was possible that the piece was simply a replica, but Young decided that it didn鈥檛 actually matter. 鈥淚t could have been made yesterday and I would鈥檝e been thrilled to buy it for $35,鈥� Young said. 鈥淎 carved marble bust that鈥檚 life-size, even if it鈥檚 brand-new, that鈥檚 potentially worth thousands of dollars.鈥� Then again, there was always the possibility that the piece truly was thousands of years old. So Young bought it, and enlisted a store employee to help get the fifty-two-pound bust safely seat-belted into her car.

Once home, Young began to research her new find. A quick 鈥淩oman marble bust鈥� internet search turned up photos of pieces that looked a lot like the one she鈥檇 just bought, which confirmed what she already suspected but didn鈥檛 provide much else that was useful. Next, she submitted photos and a description of the bust on the websites of the big auction houses鈥擲otheby鈥檚, Christie鈥檚, Bonhams鈥攚hich will research, for free, the provenance of a piece they might like to sell. 鈥淚t鈥檚 an easy way to get expert eyes on it,鈥� Young said.

Bonhams got back to Young first, confirming that the bust was definitely ancient Roman, but unable to tell her much else. A couple of days later, Sotheby鈥檚 responded. 鈥淭hey tracked it down in museum records from Germany in the early 1930s,鈥� Young said.

What she would eventually be able to piece together with the help of a Sotheby鈥檚 consultant named J枚rg Deterling was that the bust was approximately two thousand years old, and may be a depiction of the Roman military commander Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus. The bust was purchased somewhere around 1833 by representatives of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, just one of the countless number of artworks he was purchasing from across Europe at the time as part of a frenzied effort to transform his country into a world-class arts mecca. Not content to simply acquire these works, Ludwig also commissioned the building of museums to house them. Among these grand new structures was the Pompejanum, which was constructed in the style of a villa found in ancient Pompeii, and which became the bust鈥檚 new home. And there the piece sat, year after year, until a bombing campaign during World War II left the museum, and much of its collection, in ruins. Some items in the museum survived the bombings, however.

What became of crucial importance to Young and Sotheby鈥檚 was determining whether the bust was still in the museum at the time of the bombings, or whether it had been deaccessioned, or sold off, prior to that. If it had been lawfully sold, then Young might well have a legal claim to it. But if no records of a sale could be found, then it was likely that the piece had been looted from the museum after the bombings, and therefore remained the property of the government of Bavaria, which today is Germany鈥檚 largest state.

鈥淎t that point I was getting a little nervous,鈥� Young said. She sent off emails to various agencies in Germany, hoping to untangle the mystery. When she finally heard back from someone with the relevant agency, the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens, and Lakes, the news was not promising. The bust had not been deaccessioned. 鈥淚 realized I probably had a problem and I was probably going to need an attorney,鈥� Young said. 鈥淏ut I didn鈥檛 know how I was going to track one down.鈥�

Young started at the University of Texas, where her husband works as a research scientist, with an email to Stephennie Mulder, an associate professor of art history. Mulder suggested that she try Erin Thompson, an associate professor of art crime at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Thompson, as it happened, knew just the right person: Leila Amineddoleh in New York. 鈥淢ost people specialize in the law of one country or in repatriations of a limited set of artifacts,鈥� Thompson said of her reasons for recommending Amineddoleh to Young. 鈥淏ut Leila鈥榮 expertise is both deep and broad. Often, she has to research what the laws were in previous centuries in a number of countries an artifact passed through. And she鈥檚 managing to take all this heady intellectual analysis of the meaning of the law and actually apply it to cases.鈥�

One Wednesday last September, Leila Amineddoleh stood at a lectern in an exhibition space in the Salmagundi Club, a New York City center for fine arts that dates back to 1871, and prepared to address the fifty or so people who鈥檇 come out for her talk, titled 鈥淭he Battle for Antiquities.鈥�

Wearing a white dress and gold-colored headband, Amineddoleh began her presentation, which was organized by the venerable New York arts group the Coffee House Club, by clicking the remote control in her hand. A still from the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark filled the large screen to her right. 鈥淚ndiana Jones,鈥� she told her audience, 鈥渨as a looter. He removed works from their homes and placed them in Western museums. And while doing so, Dr. Jones also destroyed ancient sites."

As a leading expert on art and cultural heritage law, Amineddoleh delivers a lot of talks like this. She has a rare ability to explain complex laws in conversational language, and, more important, to help people who鈥檝e never spent a moment contemplating the significance of cultural heritage understand exactly what鈥檚 lost when an age-old site is plundered of its treasures. And to illustrate this sad point, she has her choice of an endless selection of historical examples.

As early as the second century 情色空间, the Greek author Polybius decried the Roman looting of Greek sanctuaries in Sicily, Amineddoleh told her audience as she continued with the presentation. Later, Cicero would prosecute the Roman mayor Gaius Verres for looting. And when Napoleon attempted to create a new Rome in Paris, he did so by plundering works all across Europe and North Africa. Then there were the Nazis, who among their many other atrocities, looted on such a vast scale that an estimated 20 percent of all the art in Europe wound up displaced.

鈥淭he fear of looting has haunted people for centuries,鈥� Amineddoleh said. 鈥淧eople in the ancient world were so concerned about it that some attempted to ward off would-be plunderers by placing curses on their property.鈥� These hexes, though, would prove little deterrent to the thieves who, many centuries later, would steal mummified remains from Egypt and sell them to the collectors who hosted 鈥渦nwrapping parties,鈥� delighting gatherings in faraway countries by unwrapping the mummies. As a murmur of shocked disapproval spread through the audience at the mention of this indignity, Amineddoleh built up to her sweeping conclusion. 鈥淗eritage is extremely powerful,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t offers knowledge about our past and informs our future. It鈥檚 part of our collective memory and it represents our humanity. We have a profound responsibility to share our greatest human achievements, to protect and pass along the story of civilization to future generations.鈥�

Amineddoleh was raised in a New Jersey home that overflowed with art. 鈥淢y dad鈥檚 Iranian, and I grew up with beautiful Persian rugs and art in our home,鈥� she said. 鈥淎nd my mom is Italian-American鈥攁nother culture where art is so important鈥攁nd she鈥檚 a painter.鈥� Her upbringing ignited a lifelong passion for the visual arts, but Amineddoleh found her own creative expression in music. She began studying the piano at age four, and earned spending money while attending New York University by playing in a Washington Square Park restaurant.

Now a solo practitioner, Amineddoleh was attending gallery shows and art events or giving lectures as many as five nights a week, trying 鈥渢o meet anyone and everyone to get my name out there, to find work,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 an area where people have to really like their lawyers. Artists have this very emotional attachment to their work, and I think collectors do as well, so you really need to make those personal connections.鈥�

But it was another of her strategies for finding clients, writing newspaper opinion pieces, that would lay the foundation for the first big break of Amineddoleh鈥檚 career. In 2015, she argued in the New York Times that England should return the Parthenon Marbles, a collection of ancient Greek statues that were looted by the agents of a British Earl, who then fell on financial hard times and sold them to Britain in 1816. Impressed with the piece, Forbes asked Amineddoleh to write an expanded article on the subject, which ended up catching the attention of an official with the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports.

Amineddoleh nurtured that connection, and when Greece found itself the subject of a most unusual lawsuit in 2018, she was the lawyer the country hired to defend itself. The case represented the first time that a foreign government had been sued in the United States over a matter involving antiquities鈥攖he Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act typically provides immunity from such suits鈥攁nd it would go on to help lay the foundation for an important legal precedent.

The dispute originated after Greece moved to prevent Sotheby鈥檚 from selling an item it believed had been plundered. The auction house eventually sued, arguing that Greece was attempting to engage in commerce, which would trigger an exception to the immunity act. 鈥淥ur argument, obviously, was 鈥楴o, there was nothing commercial about what Greece did,鈥欌�� Amineddoleh said. 鈥淕reece is just protecting its cultural heritage by saying, Don鈥檛 sell our stolen stuff.鈥� Sotheby鈥檚 countered that this action amounted to intervening in commerce.

It was a pivotal moment in Amineddoleh鈥檚 career. She walked into the courtroom by herself. Across from her were two partners and a handful of associates from 鈥渢his very large, very well-known Wall Street law firm,鈥� she said. 鈥淎nd then there was me on the other side.鈥� The pressure, and the stakes, were incredible. A loss might establish the legal precedent that foreign governments could not sue to stop auction houses from selling looted art. 鈥淭hat was their goal,鈥� Amineddoleh said of Sotheby鈥檚. 鈥淭hey kind of want silence.鈥�

When the ruling finally came down, it was a bitter disappointment. The judge found for Sotheby鈥檚. 鈥淭his sounds horrible鈥攎y mom was like, 鈥楧on鈥檛 ever tell anyone!鈥欌�攂ut I cried,鈥� Amineddoleh said. She felt like she鈥檇 failed. 鈥淭his was a major opportunity. The United States is the country for setting law. This was a case of first impression. That鈥檚 the only way to describe it. New law was being made.鈥�

Amineddoleh may have doubted herself for a moment, but her client never wavered. Greece approved of her legal arguments and believed that the decision had been a mistake. The case was appealed and this time Amineddoleh triumphed. It was the legal equivalent of a rout. 鈥淚 love this decision,鈥� she said. 鈥淣ot just because we won, but it鈥檚 really interesting to see how the court treated cultural heritage. It鈥檚 a big win for foreign governments and not just for Greece. I鈥檝e written about this, I鈥檝e thought about this so much鈥�I mean, it was an obsession in my life for years.鈥�

Greece wasn鈥檛 the only government impressed with Amineddoleh鈥檚 work. Even as the appeal was pending, the government of Italy hired her to defend a copycat suit from a New York gallery, filed after the initial loss in district court. That suit was eventually dismissed. 鈥淭here have been three cases now involving foreign governments and I鈥檝e represented two of the three governments,鈥� she said. (Switzerland is the third.) 鈥淎ll three have failed. I can鈥檛 imagine there are going to be more of these actions, because now we have really strong precedent.鈥�

Today, Amineddoleh & Associates has a team of four lawyers working with artists, collectors, museums, galleries, nonprofits, and governments. In addition to her legal work, Amineddoleh teaches art law classes at both NYU and Fordham University.

鈥淪he鈥檚 talented and she cares,鈥� said Matthew Bogdanos, whose book Thieves of Baghdad so inspired Amineddoleh while at 情色空间 Law. As the head of the Antiquities Trafficking Unit in the Manhattan District Attorney鈥檚 Office, Bogdanos has 鈥渁sked for and received her assistance on a number of cases,鈥� he said. It鈥檚 an honor when someone cites him as an inspiration, he noted, but what matters to him is what the person does with that spark. 鈥淭o the extent that I can help or influence anyone in this field to act with integrity and commitment, the reward is their work鈥攚hat are they doing with it?鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd Leila appears to be well on her way to doing great things. She鈥檚 a trusted colleague.鈥�

Following Erin Thompson鈥檚 suggestion, Laura Young called Amineddoleh in the fall of 2018. By that time, her research had determined that the marble bust she鈥檇 bought was, in fact, one of the items that survived the World War II bombing of the Pompejanum museum. After that, it was looted from the museum, most likely by an American soldier. The museum is located in the Bavarian town of Aschaffenburg, which was also home to American military installations after the war. To this day, however, no one knows exactly how the piece found its way to Austin. Regardless, the bust was unquestionably the property of Bavaria, and what was left for Young and Amineddoleh was to negotiate the terms of its repatriation.

At last, in November 2021, the negotiations were completed and a deal was finalized. Young received a finder鈥檚 fee, the size of which is confidential, and an agreement that Dennis would be shown at a museum in San Antonio, about an hour from Austin, for one year. After that, the bust would be returned to Bavaria, to resume at long last its permanent display in the Pompejanum, which has been rebuilt.

It鈥檚 unrealistic to think that we鈥檒l ever reach a point where looting ceases to be a problem, said Stephennie Mulder, the University of Texas associate professor who鈥檚 been following the bust鈥檚 story ever since Laura Young first contacted her for help. 鈥淭he question then becomes one of how to work to mitigate harm and ensure that collectors can be encouraged to operate ethically and with the least harm to local people,鈥� Mulder said. Amineddoleh鈥檚 鈥渕odel of creative yet equitable solutions to seemingly intractable heritage disputes is innovative and can show us a path forward.鈥�

A few months after the agreement was signed, the San Antonio Museum of Art started making preparations for its temporary exhibition of the bust. 鈥淚t was really important to me that the bust be displayed in Texas,鈥� Young said. 鈥淚t hadn鈥檛 been seen by anyone for probably decades. It was probably just hidden in someone鈥檚 house.鈥� Three staffers drove to Young鈥檚 home in Austin and took detailed photographs to record the condition of the piece. Then they brought in a large crate and moving blanket, boxed up the piece, and transported it to a van waiting to carry it to San Antonio. It was sad watching the van pull away, Young said, knowing that Dennis was in the back. 鈥淚鈥檓 assuming,鈥� she said, 鈥渢hat they drove him very carefully.鈥�

With the San Antonio display of the bust approaching, Amineddoleh broke the news of its remarkable discovery on her firm鈥檚 website. From there, stories appeared in nearly every major news outlet, from The New York Times, Washington Post, and TIME magazine to N情色空间, CBS, and NPR. Young was shocked, and not entirely pleased, to suddenly have become a media star. 鈥淚 was literally having a panic attack on the phone with the Washington Post reporter!鈥� she said. In May 2022, the museum kicked off its yearlong exhibition with a formal reception. It was there that Young and Amineddoleh met in person for the first time. 鈥淚t was almost like a family reunion,鈥� Young said. 鈥淟eila was amazing through this whole process. It just couldn鈥檛 have gone any better.鈥� The piece will be on display at the museum until May.

It鈥檚 astonishing to consider how many things had to go just right in order for the bust to survive the museum bombing and then eventually find its way home. Imagine, Amineddoleh said, if someone without Young鈥檚 artistic savvy or guiding sense of ethics had purchased the piece. It鈥檚 entirely possible that it could have wound up adorning someone鈥檚 garden or hallway, its incredible story left untold. Or it could have ended up in the hands of someone who was willing to sell it illegally, despite knowing that it had been plundered. 鈥淲e鈥檙e really lucky that she鈥檚 the person that bought it,鈥� Amineddoleh said. 鈥淭he fact that it ended up in that shop is amazing. The fact that Laura purchased it, the fact that she was so diligent, and the fact that she acted so ethically鈥攖he stars definitely aligned when it came to this object.鈥�

It is for precisely these reasons that the Bavarian government agreed to include Young鈥檚 name on the plaque that will be attached to the bust once it is shipped back to Germany. Dennis will never again live with her, but he will forever carry a testament to her crucial role in his long and winding return home.听