情色空间

An apostolic exhortation written by Pope Francis made international headlines in February, but not of the sort that many Francis supporters were expecting. Last fall, a proposal that would have authorized certain married men to become priests was endorsed at the closely watched Synod of Bishops on the Pan-Amazon region. That led to speculation that the pope would approve the measure, but he instead rejected it in his apostolic exhortation. The decision came as a blow to some Francis supporters, who鈥檇 seen the proposal as a natural extension of the boundary-pushing synod out of which it grew. The assembly was organized with a focus on protecting the Amazon, one of the world鈥檚 most ecologically vital鈥攁nd endangered鈥攁reas, and on emphasizing economic and environmental justice. The synod鈥檚 working document was the result of a two-year process that included some three hundred listening sessions involving nearly ninety thousand people from all walks of life and cultures in the Amazon, a consultative process that distinguished the synod. To discuss what these developments tell us about Francis鈥檚 priorities for the Church, I sat down with School of Theology and Ministry Dean Thomas D. Stegman, SJ, and Associate Professor of the Practice Rafael Luciani, a theological advisor to the Latin American Bishops Council (CELAM), and the first lay to be appointed as a member of the Theological Team of the Latin American Conference of Religious Women and Men (CLAR). Luciani was invited to participate at the synod.

Boston College Magazine: Many of the pope鈥檚 supporters have expressed disappointment with Francis鈥檚 decision on viri probati, or ordaining married men. Were you surprised by the apostolic exhortation?

Thomas D. Stegman, SJ: No, I was not surprised. The exhortation certainly reiterates the need for the local church (in this case, in the Amazon) to take a lead in determining pastoral needs and how to address them. The media attention given to the issue of viri probati鈥攗nderstandable as that is鈥攚as out of proportion to what the synod as a whole was about.

Rafael Luciani: This entire synodal process has to be read as a move toward a recovery of a localized ecclesiology. The most important thing is the door remains open for local Churches to 鈥渄iscern and make the pastoral decision鈥� according to 鈥渨hat the code of canon law already establishes鈥� in relation to this issue, from the request made by a local bishop. The code provides the procedure by which bishops can discern the needs of the communities and, based on those needs, inquire about the possibility of ordaining married men, as well as orienting the diaconate toward the communities鈥� sacramental needs.

情色空间M: Pope Francis has said that the Church should become more synodal in its workings. What does that mean?

TS: I think what the pope is saying is that it鈥檚 not just a matter of having synods as events. It鈥檚 about synodality as a way of being the Church鈥攂ringing people together to listen. Francis, who is a Jesuit, has shown a commitment to consulting broadly, to taking very seriously the presence of the Spirit in all elements of the Church. In short, we need to be listening, especially to people on the margins, people who don鈥檛 always get listened to.

情色空间M: Are the decisions in the apostolic exhortation consistent with the synodal approach?

TS: A careful reading of the exhortation makes clear that engaged listening is being taken seriously.

RL: Francis鈥檚 challenge to us is, not only are we listening, but who should we be listening to? Normally the synods are made from the consultation of the bishops and that鈥檚 all. In this one, Francis included indigenous people and lay people, including women lay and women religious. The church was always distant from these people, and now with Francis it鈥檚 moving forward by including people that were never imagined to participate in these processes. At the synod, you had at a table, working together, an indigenous person, a bishop, a lay woman, a lay man, a priest.

情色空间M: You鈥檝e each spoken about the emphasis that Pope Francis puts on listening. How does that relate to his priorities for the Church?

TS: In both Greek, which is the language of the New Testament, and Latin, there鈥檚 a strong relationship between the words for 鈥渉earing鈥� and 鈥渙beying.鈥� In Greek, 补办辞耻艒 means 鈥渢o hear,鈥� and hyp补办辞耻艒 is 鈥渢o obey.鈥� In Latin, audire means 鈥渢o hear,鈥� and oboedire is 鈥渢o obey.鈥� In the context of synod, we鈥檙e talking about hearing and obeying God, and how the Spirit is leading us. Discernment is only possible when there鈥檚 a listening that is so profound that it鈥檚 not just hearing the words, it鈥檚 sifting through them to discern what is truth, to try to hear how God is leading us, and letting that word take root in us and transform who we are. There鈥檚 a humility that we鈥檙e called to鈥擨 could be surprised by who has something to teach me.

RL: During his first year as pope, Francis said in an interview that Pedro Arrupe [the late Spanish Basque Jesuit and former superior general of the Society of Jesus] influenced him and his life. In that interview, he also referred to cultures and 鈥渆nculturation,鈥� which was a word that Arrupe created. It didn鈥檛 exist in Spanish. Arrupe said, 鈥淭o enculturate means to go into the life of the people, and you will be shocked because you have to start your own life from zero, re-creating all you have learned.鈥� Another of the pope鈥檚 sources, the Aparecida鈥攖he concluding document of the fifth Conference of Latin American Bishops, and a guiding document for Francis鈥檚 magisterium鈥攊ncludes the word 鈥渕issionary-disciple,鈥� using a hyphen to make those two words just one. It鈥檚 a circularity. It鈥檚 to say, I鈥檓 not at one point a missionary and another point a disciple. I have to be always the missionary-disciple, disciple-missionary鈥攍istening, learning, changing. So I just love one thing that Francis repeats on almost every trip: 鈥淭he same way we listen to God, our father, should be the same way we listen to the people, especially the poor.鈥� That鈥檚 beautiful because it鈥檚 not that we listen first to God and then we listen to the people鈥攂y listening to the people, we are listening to God.

情色空间M: The decision regarding married priests got most of the attention, but the issues of economic and environmental justice seem especially notable for the synod. Why are they important to the Church?

TS: It鈥檚 important to appreciate why the Amazon was chosen for the synod. The pope has named environmental degradation as the greatest crisis facing not only the Church, but everyone in the world today. He鈥檚 made the case that this issue is also tied to economic questions and justice issues. The poor are the ones who most suffer the consequences of what鈥檚 happening to the environment. Some of us in North America and Europe can feel threatened, because Francis is calling for real changes. He鈥檚 asking us to think through the implications of how we鈥檙e living, how our economy works, the cost it exacts on people in other parts of the world. That makes some folks uncomfortable.

情色空间M: Of course change is never easy. To what degree does that help to explain the pope鈥檚 decisions in the apostolic exhortation?

TS: There will always be a tension between, on the one hand, discerning where the Spirit is leading us into the future and, on the other hand, acknowledging the force of long-established traditions. There is a reason the Catholic Church has a strong sense of its identity, as two millennia of tradition has helped to establish and strengthen that identity. A challenge is being open to how the Spirit might be calling us in new times and circumstances, yet in continuity with who and what we have been. I think Pope Francis鈥檚 exhortation reflects that tension.

情色空间M: Which raises the question of just how much Pope Francis鈥檚 call to listen to all people, from all across the world, is truly shaping the future of the church. Are these changes in approach permanent, or might the popes who follow him reverse course?

RL: Karl Rahner, one of the most important Jesuits and among the two or three most important theologians of the 20th century, came to the Weston School of Theology in the early 1970s and gave a lecture called the 鈥淔undamental Interpretation of the Council.鈥� And he said then that it was the beginning of the beginning of the move toward a world church. Francis does what he can do, but we鈥檙e still at the beginning of the real beginning.聽鈼�